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USA · 2L · Constitutional Law

Individual Rights

Equal protection and due process landmarks.

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  1. 1.Brown v. Board of Education (1954) — held?

    State-mandated racial segregation in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause; "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal".

    Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)

  2. 2.Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause, and when was it ratified?

    The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868.

    U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1

  3. 3.Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) — held?

    The Constitution does not confer a right to abortion; Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) were overruled, returning the issue to the people and their elected representatives.

    Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Org., 597 U.S. 215 (2022)

  4. 4.Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — held?

    The Fourteenth Amendment requires states to license marriages between two people of the same sex and to recognise such marriages lawfully performed out of state.

    Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644 (2015)

  5. 5.Three tiers of scrutiny under equal protection?

    Strict scrutiny (suspect classes e.g. race — narrowly tailored to a compelling interest); intermediate scrutiny (e.g. sex — substantially related to an important interest); rational basis (rationally related to a legitimate interest).

    e.g. United States v. Virginia (1996); Craig v. Boren (1976)