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USA · 2L · Constitutional Law

Liberty, Equality & Speech

More individual-rights landmarks.

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  1. 1.Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) — held?

    Upheld state-mandated racial segregation in railway cars under "separate but equal"; overruled in effect by Brown v. Board of Education.

    Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896)

  2. 2.Loving v. Virginia (1967) — held?

    Laws banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses.

    Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967)

  3. 3.Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) — held?

    A ban on contraceptive use by married couples violated a right of marital privacy.

    Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965)

  4. 4.District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) — held?

    The Second Amendment protects an individual right to keep and bear arms for self-defence in the home.

    District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)

  5. 5.New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass'n v. Bruen (2022) — test?

    Gun regulations must be consistent with the Nation's historical tradition of firearm regulation; New York's "proper cause" licensing requirement was struck down.

    NYSRPA v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 (2022)

  6. 6.Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023) — held?

    Harvard's and UNC's race-conscious admissions programs violated the Equal Protection Clause (and Title VI).

    SFFA v. President & Fellows of Harvard College, 600 U.S. 181 (2023)

  7. 7.Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) — test?

    Advocacy of force or law violation is protected unless directed to inciting imminent lawless action and likely to produce it.

    Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)

  8. 8.Citizens United v. FEC (2010) — held?

    The government may not ban independent political expenditures by corporations and unions.

    Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. 310 (2010)

  9. 9.Kennedy v. Bremerton School District (2022) — significance?

    Protected a coach's personal prayer and confirmed that the Lemon test has been abandoned in favour of historical practices and understandings.

    Kennedy v. Bremerton School District, 597 U.S. 507 (2022)