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India · 2nd Year · Constitutional Law

Articles & Amendments II

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  1. 1.Which article defines "the State" for Part III?

    Article 12.

    Constitution of India, Art 12

  2. 2.Which article declares laws inconsistent with fundamental rights void?

    Article 13.

    Constitution of India, Art 13

  3. 3.What are the five writs under Articles 32 and 226?

    Habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto.

    Constitution of India, Arts 32, 226

  4. 4.How is Article 226 wider than Article 32?

    High Courts can issue writs for enforcement of fundamental rights and "for any other purpose" (other legal rights); Article 32 is limited to fundamental rights.

    Constitution of India, Arts 32, 226

  5. 5.Which amendment inserted Article 21A (right to education)?

    The 86th Amendment, 2002 — free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14.

    Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act 2002

  6. 6.Which amendment added fundamental duties (Article 51A)?

    The 42nd Amendment, 1976 (on the Swaran Singh Committee's recommendation); the 86th Amendment added the eleventh duty.

    Constitution of India, Art 51A

  7. 7.Emergency provisions — articles?

    Article 352: national emergency ("armed rebellion" replaced "internal disturbance" via the 44th Amendment). Article 356: President's Rule in States. Article 360: financial emergency.

    Constitution of India, Arts 352, 356, 360

  8. 8.What did the 101st, 103rd and 106th Amendments do?

    101st (2016): introduced GST. 103rd (2019): EWS reservation. 106th (2023): reserved one-third of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.

    Constitution Amendment Acts